The word hieroglyphic
that is used to describe the symbols, icons and index of ancient Egyptians
comes from the Greek: ἱερός (Hieros) "sacred" and γλύφειν (glýphein)
"written". Only the priests, royalty, seniors, and scribes knew the
art of reading and writing these "sacred" signs.
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The hieroglyphic
writing is probably the oldest organized system of writing in the world; it was
originally used for formal inscriptions on the walls of temples and tombs. With
the time it progressed to more simplified forms, like the hieratic, a cursive
variant that could be painted on papyrus or printed in clay tablets, and even
later, with the increasing Greek influence in the Middle East, writing evolved
into Demotic, phase where the initial hieroglyphs were very stylized, even with
a few signs written in Greek.
Many others had unsuccessfully
tried to decipher the hieroglyphs, the old interpretations were much more oriented
to the mystical school (quite mistaken) rather than to the scientific school.
Then comes into the scene Jean-Francois Champollion (Figeac, December 23, 1790
- Paris, March 4, 1832).
Champollion had the physicist
Joseph Fourier as great friend and supporter, who greatly admired the intelligence
of this 11 years old boy. Champolion walked around the house of Fourier and
admired his collection of Egyptian art, gathered during the Napoleonic
expeditions. "What does that mean?" Asked the boy and the Fourier
response was always the same - "Nobody knows."
The linguistic genius
and a compulsive and persistent passion to know Egypt gave no rest to Champollion,
he knew more than a dozen languages, many of them spoken in Middle East. He was
one of the few people in the early nineteenth century, who knew the Coptic
language, which succeeded the ancient Egyptian.
There was a strong
current at the time saying that the hieroglyphs were merely pictorial
metaphors, but the richness of details, the enormous number of images, and the repetitive
patterns clearly indicated to Champolion a form of writing.
Then came the day when
Champollion began to study a black stone found by a French soldier who served
in the city of Rashid in the year 1799. It was evident to him that the text was
repeated in all three forms of writing. Champollion easily read the Greek part,
the inscriptions described the commemoration of the coronation of Ptolemy V - Epfânio,
written by the Congress of the priests of Memphis in the spring of 196 BC.
The Greek text:
1. In the reign of the
young one who has succeeded his father in the kingship, lord of diadems, most
glorious, who has established Egypt and is pious
2. Towards the gods,
triumphant over his enemies, who has restored the civilised life of men, lord
of the Thirty Years Festivals, even as Hephaistos the Great, a king like the
Sun,
3. Great king of the
Upper and Lower countries, offspring of the Gods Philopatores, one of whom
Hephaistos has approved, to whom the Sun has given victory, the living image of
Zeus, son of the Sun, Ptolemy
4. Living for ever,
beloved of Ptah, in the ninth year, when Aetos son of Aetos was priest of
Alexander, and the Gods Soteres, and the Gods Adelphoi, and the Gods Euergetai,
and the Gods Philopatores and
5. The God Epiphanes
Eucharistos; Pyrrha daughter of Philinos being Athlophoros of Berenike
Euergetis; Areia daughter of Diogenes being Kanephoros of Arsinoe Philadelphos;
Irene
6. Daughter of Ptolemy
being Priestess of Arsinoe Philopator; the fourth of the month of Xandikos,
according to the Egyptians the 18th Mekhir. DECREE. There being assembled the
Chief Priests and Prophets and those who enter the inner shrine for the robing
of the
7. Gods, and the
Fan-bearers and the Sacred Scribes and all the other priests from the temples
throughout the land who have come to meet the king at Memphis, for the feast of
the assumption
8. By Ptolemy, the
ever-living, the beloved of Ptah, the God Epiphanes Eucharistos, the kingship
in which he succeeded his father, they being assembled in the temple in Memphis
this day declared:
9. Whereas king
Ptolemy, the ever-living, the beloved of Ptah, the god Epiphanes Eucharistos,
the son of King Ptolemy and Queen Arsinoe, the Gods Philopatores, has been a
benefactor both to the temples and
10. To those who dwell
in them, as well as all those who are his subjects, being a god sprung from a
god and goddess (like Horus the son of Isis and Osiris, who avenged his father
Osiris) (and) being benevolently disposed towards
11. The gods, has
dedicated to the temples revenues in money and corn and has undertaken much
outlay to bring Egypt into prosperity, and to establish the temples,
12. And has been
generous with all his own means; and of the revenues and taxes levied in Egypt
some he has wholly remitted and others he has lightened, in order that the
people and all the others might be
13. In prosperity
during his reign; and whereas he has remitted the debts to the crown being many
in number which they in Egypt and in the rest of the kingdom owed; and whereas
those who were
14. In prison and
those who were under accusation for a long time, he has freed of the charges
against them; and whereas he has directed that the gods shall continue to enjoy
the revenues of the temples and the yearly allowances given to them, both of
15. Corn and money,
likewise also the revenue assigned to the gods from vine land and from gardens
and the other properties which belonged to the gods in his father’s time;
16. And whereas he
directed also, with regard to the priests, that they should pay no more as the
tax for admission to the priesthood than what was appointed them throughout his
father’s reign and until the first year of his own reign; and has relieved the
members of the
17. Priestly orders
from the yearly journey to Alexandria; and whereas he has directed that
impressment for the navy shall no longer be employed; and of the tax in byssus
cloth paid by the temples to the crown he
18. Has remitted
two-thirds; and whatever things were neglected in former times he has restored
to their proper condition, having a care how the traditional duties shall be
fittingly paid to the gods;
19. And likewise has
apportioned justice to all, like Hermes the great and great; and has ordained
that those who return of the warrior class, and of others who were unfavourably
20. Disposed in the
days of the disturbances, should, on their return be allowed to occupy their
old possessions; and whereas he provided that cavalry and infantry forces and
ships should be sent out against those who invaded
21. Egypt by sea and
by land, laying out great sums in money and corn in order that the temples and
all those who are in the land might be in safety; and having
22. Gone to Lycopolis
in the Busirite nome, which had been occupied and fortified against a siege
with an abundant store of weapons, and all other supplies (seeing that
disaffection was now of long
23. Standing among the
impious men gathered into it, who had perpetrated much damage to the temples
and to all the inhabitants of Egypt), and having
24. Encamped against
it, he surrounded it with mounds and trenches and elaborate fortifications;
when the Nile made a great rise in the eighth year (of his reign), whichusually
floods the
25. Plains, he
prevented it, by damming at many points the outlets of the channels (spending
upon this no small amount of money), and setting cavalry and infantry to guard
26. Them, in a short
time he took the town by storm and destroyed all the impious men in it, even as
Hermes and Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris, formerly subdued the rebels in
the same
27. District; and as
to those who had led the rebels in the time of his father and who had disturbed
the land and done wrong to the temples, he came to Memphis to avenge
28. His father and his
own kingship, and punished them all as they deserved, at the time that he came
there to perform the proper ceremonies for the assumption of the crown; and
whereas he remitted what
29. Was due to the
crown in the temples up to his eighth year, being no small amount of corn and
money; so also the fines for the byssus
30. Cloth not
delivered to the crown, and of those delivered, the several fees for their
verification, for the same period; and he also freed the temples of (the tax
of) the artabe for every aroura of sacred land and likewise
31. The jar of wine
for each aroura of vine land; and whereas he bestowed many gifts upon Apis and
Mnevis and upon the other sacred animals in Egypt, because he was much more
considerate than the kings before him of all that belonged to
32. The gods; and for
their burials he gave what was suitable lavishly and splendidly, and what was
regularly paid to their special shrines, with sacrifices and festivals and
other customary observances;
33. And he maintained
the honours of the temples and of Egypt according to the laws; and he adorned
the temple of Apis with rich work, spending upon it gold and silver
34. And precious
stones, no small amount; and whereas he has founded temples and shrines and
altars, and has repaired those requiring it, having the spirit of a beneficent
god in matters pertaining to
35. Religion; and
whereas after enquiry he has been renewing the most honourable of the temples
during his reign, as is becoming,; in requital of which things the gods have
given him health, victory and power, and all other good things,
36. And he and his
children shall retain the kingship for all time. WITH PROPITIOUS FORTUNE: It
was resolved by the priests of all the temples in the land to increase greatly
the existing honours of
37. King PTOLEMY, THE
EVER-LIVING, THE BELOVED OF PTAH, THE GOD EPIPHANES EUCHARISTOS, likewise those
of his parents the Gods Philopatores, and of his ancestors, the Gods Euergetai
and
38. The Gods Adelphoi
and the Gods Soteres and to set up in the most prominent place of every temple
an image of the EVER-LIVING King PTOLEMY, THE BELOVED OF PTAH, THE GOD
EPIPHANES EUCHARISTOS,
39. An image which
shall be called that of ‘PTOLEMY, the defender of Egypt’, beside which shall
stand the principal god of the temple, handing him the weapon of victory16, all
of which shall be manufactured (in the Egyptian)
40. fashion; and that
the priests shall pay homage to the images three times a day, and put upon them
the sacred garments, and perform the other usual honours such as given to the
other gods in the Egyptian
41. festivals; and to
establish for King PTOLEMY, THE GOD EPIPHANES EUCHARISTOS, sprung of King
Ptolemy and Queen Arsinoe, the Gods Philopatores, a statue and golden shrine in
each of the
42. Temples, and to
set it up in the inner chamber with the other shrines; and in the great
festivals in which the shrines are carried in procession the shrine of the GOD
EPIPHANES EUCHARISTOS shall be carried in procession with them.
43. And in order that
it may be easily distinguishable now and for all time, there shall be set upon
the shrine the ten gold diadems of the king, to which shall be added a uraeus17
but instead of
44. The uraeus-shaped
diadems which are upon the other shrines, in the centre of them shall be the
crown called Pschent18 which he put on when he went into the temple at Memphis
45. To perform therein
the ceremonies for assuming the kingship; and there shall be placed on the
square surface round about the diadems, beside the aforementioned crown, golden
symbols (eight in number signifying)
46. That it is (the
shrine) of the king who makes manifest the Upper and Lower countries. And since
it is the 30th of Mesore on which the birthday of the king is celebrated, and
likewise (the 17th of Paophi)
47. On which he
succeeded his father in the kingship, they have held these days in honour as
name-days in the temples, since they are sources of great blessings for all; it
was further decreed that a festival shall be kept in the temples throughout
Egypt
48. On these days in
every month, on which there shall be sacrifices and libations and all the
ceremonies customary at the other festivals (and the offerings shall be given
to the priests who)
49. Serve in the
temples. And a festival shall be kept for King PTOLEMY, THE EVER-LIVING, THE
BELOVED OF PTAH, THE GOD EPIPHANES EUCHARISTOS, yearly in the temples
throughout the
50. Land from the 1st
of Thoth for five days, in which they shall wear garlands and perform
sacrifices and libations and the other usual honours, and the priests (in each
temple) shall be called
51. Priests of the GOD
EPIPHANES EUCHARISTOS in addition to the names of the other gods whom they
serve; and his priesthood shall be entered upon all formal documents (and
engraved upon the rings which they wear);
52. And private
individuals shall also be allowed to keep the festival and set up the
aforementioned shrine and have it in their homes, performing the aforementioned
celebrations
53. Yearly, in order
that it may be known to all that the men of Egypt magnify and honour the GOD
EPIPHANES EUCHARISTOS the king, according to the law. This decree shall be
inscribed on a stela of
54. Hard stone in
sacred [that is hieroglyphic] and native [that is demotic] and Greek characters
and set up in each of the first, second, and third [rank] temples beside the
image of the ever living king.
Original Text in Greek:
Original Text in Greek:
1ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΟΝΤΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΝΕΟΥ
ΚΑΙ ΠΑΡΑΛΑΒΟΝΤΟΣ ΤΗΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΝ ΠΑΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΚΥΡΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΔΟΞΟΥ ΤΟΥ
ΤΗΝ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΟΝ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΗΣΑΜΕΝΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ
2ΘΕΟΥΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ ΑΝΤΙΠΑΛΩΝ
ΥΠΕΡΤΕΡΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΤΟΝ ΒΙΟΝ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΩΝ ΕΠΑΝΟΡΘΟΣΑΝΤΟΣ ΚΥΡΙΟΥ ΤΡΙΑΚΟΝΤΑΕΤΗΡΙΔΩΝ ΚΑΘΑΠΕΡ
Ο ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ Ο ΜΕΓΑΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΚΑΘΑΠΕΡ Ο ΗΛΙΟΣ
3ΜΕΓΑΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΤΩΝ
ΤΕ ΑΝΩ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΤΩΝ ΧΩΡΩΝ ΕΚΓΟΝΟΥ ΘΕΩΝ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΩΝ ΟΝ Ο ΗΦΑΙΣΤΟΣ ΕΔΟΚΙΜΑΣΕΝ ΩΙ
Ο ΗΛΙΟΣ ΕΔΩΚΕΝ ΤΗΝ ΝΙΚΗΝ ΕΙΚΟΝΟΣ ΖΩΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΟΣ ΥΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΟΥ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ
4ΑΙΩΝΟΒΙΟΥ ΗΓΑΠΗΜΕΝΟΥ
ΥΠΟ ΤΟΥ ΦΘΑ ΕΤΟΥΣ ΕΝΑΤΟΥ ΕΦ ΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΕΤΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΑΕΤΟΥ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΘΕΩΝ ΣΩΤΗΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ
ΘΕΩΝ ΑΔΕΛΦΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΘΕΩΝ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΘΕΩΝ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ
5ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΟΥ
ΑΘΛΟΦΟΡΟΥ ΒΕΡΕΝΙΚΗΣ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΙΔΟΣ ΠΥΡΡΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΦΙΛΙΝΟΥ ΚΑΝΗΦΟΡΟΥ ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗΣ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΥ
ΑΡΕΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΔΙΟΓΕΝΟΥΣ ΙΕΡΕΙΑΣ ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΕΙΡΗΝΗΣ
6ΤΗΣ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΜΗΝΟΣ
ΞΑΝΔΙΚΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΔΙ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΙΩΝ ΔΕ ΜΕΧΕΙΡ ΟΚΤΩ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΚΑΤΗΙ ΨΗΦΙΣΜΑ ΟΙ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΦΗΤΑΙ
ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΑΔΥΤΟΝ ΕΙΞΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΕΝ ΟΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΝ ΣΤΟΛΙΣΜΟΝ ΤΩΝ
7ΘΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΤΕΡΟΦΟΡΑΙ
ΚΑΙ ΙΕΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΑΛΛΟΙ ΙΕΡΕΙΣ ΠΑΝΤΕΣ ΟΙ ΑΠΑΝΤΗΣΑΝΤΕΣ ΕΚ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΧΩΡΑΝ
ΙΕΡΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΜΕΜΦΙΝ ΤΩΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΝΗΓΥΡΙΝ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΑΛΗΨΕΩΣ ΤΗΣ
8ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ
ΑΙΩΝΟΒΙΟΥ ΗΓΑΠΗΜΕΝΟΥ ΥΠΟ ΤΟΥ ΦΘΑ ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΟΥ ΗΝ ΠΑΡΕΛΑΒΕΝ ΠΑΡΑ ΤΟΥ
ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΣΥΝΑΧΘΕΝΤΕΣ ΕΝ ΤΩΙ ΕΝ ΜΕΜΦΕΙ ΙΕΡΩΙ ΤΗΙ ΗΜΕΡΑΙ ΤΑΥΤΗΙ ΕΙΠΑΝ
9ΕΠΕΙΔΗ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΣ
ΑΙΩΝΟΒΙΟΣ ΗΓΑΠΗΜΕΝΟΣ ΥΠΟ ΤΟΥ ΦΘΑ ΘΕΟΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΗΣ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΟΣ Ο ΕΚ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ
ΚΑΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗΣ ΘΕΩΝ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΩΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΠΟΛΛΑ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΗΚΕΝ ΤΑ Θ ΙΕΡΑ ΚΑΙ
10ΤΟΥΣ ΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΙΣ ΟΝΤΑΣ
ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΥΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΝ ΤΑΣΣΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ ΑΠΑΝΤΑΣ ΥΠΑΡΧΩΝ ΘΕΟΣ ΕΚ ΘΕΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΘΕΑΣ
ΚΑΘΑΠΕΡ ΩΡΟΣ Ο ΤΗΣ ΙΣΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΣΙΡΙΟΣ ΥΙΟΣ Ο ΕΠΑΜΥΝΑΣ ΤΩΙ ΠΑΤΡΙ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΟΣΙΡΕΙ
ΤΑ ΠΡΟΣ ΘΕΟΥΣ
11ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΙΚΩΣ ΔΙΑΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ
ΑΝΑΤΕΘΕΙΚΕΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΑ ΙΕΡΑ ΑΡΓΥΡΙΚΑΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΣΙΤΙΚΑΣ ΠΡΟΣΟΔΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΔΑΠΑΝΑΣ ΠΟΛΛΑΣ ΥΠΟΜΕΜΕΝΗΚΕΝ
ΕΝΕΚΑ ΤΟΥ ΤΗΝ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΟΝ ΕΙΣ ΕΥΔΙΑΝ ΑΓΑΓΕΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΙΕΡΑ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΗΣΘΑΙ
12ΤΑΙΣ ΤΕ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΔΥΝΑΜΕΣΙΝ
ΠΕΦΙΛΑΝΔΡΩΠΗΚΕ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟ ΤΩΝ ΥΠΑΡΧΟΥΣΩΝ ΕΝ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ ΠΡΟΣΟΔΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΦΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΩΝ ΤΙΝΑΣ
ΜΕΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΕΛΟΣ ΑΦΗΚΕΝ ΑΛΛΑΣ ΔΕ ΚΕΚΟΥΦΙΚΕΝ ΟΠΩΣ Ο ΤΕ ΛΑΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΑΛΛΟΙ ΠΑΝΤΕΣ ΕΝ
13ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑΙ ΩΣΙΝ ΕΠΙ
ΤΗΣ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΤΑ ΤΕ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΑ ΟΦΕΙΛΗΜΑΤΑ Α ΠΡΟΣΟΦΕΙΛΟΝ ΟΙ ΕΝ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ ΚΑΙ
ΟΙ ΕΝ ΤΗΙ ΛΟΙΠΗΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΟΝΤΑ ΠΟΛΛΑ ΤΩΙ ΠΛΗΘΕΙ ΑΦΗΚΕΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΝ ΤΑΙΣ ΦΥΛΑΚΑΙΣ
14ΑΠΗΓΜΕΝΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΣ
ΕΝ ΑΙΤΙΑΙΣ ΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΚ ΠΟΛΛΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ ΑΠΕΛΥΣΕ ΤΩΝ ΕΓΚΕΚΛΗΜΕΝΩΝ ΠΡΟΣΕΤΑΞΕ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΑΣ
ΠΡΟΣΟΔΟΥΣ ΤΩΝ ΙΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΑΣ ΔΙΔΟΜΕΝΑΣ ΕΙΣ ΑΥΤΑ ΚΑΤ ΕΝΙΑΥΤΟΝ ΣΥΝΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΣΙΤΙ
15ΚΑΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΑΡΓΥΡΙΚΑΣ
ΟΜΟΙΩΣ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΑΣ ΚΑΘΗΚΟΥΣΑΣ ΑΠΟΜΟΙΡΑΣ ΤΟΙΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΕ ΤΗΣ ΑΜΠΕΛΙΤΙΔΟΣ ΓΗΣ ΚΑΙ
ΤΩΝ ΠΑΡΑΔΕΙΣΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΛΛΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΥΠΑΡΧΑΝΤΩΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΕΠΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΥ
16ΜΕΝΕΙΝ ΕΠΙ ΧΩΡΑΣ
ΠΡΟΣΕΤΑΞΕΝ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΙΕΡΕΩΝ ΟΠΩΣ ΜΗΘΕΝ ΠΛΕΙΟΝ ΔΙΔΩΣΙΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΤΕΛΕΣΤΙΚΟΝ ΟΥ[Κ]
ΕΤΑΣΣΟΝΤΟ ΕΩΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΥ ΕΤΟΥΣ ΕΠΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΑΠΕΛΥΣΕΝ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΚ ΤΩΝ
17ΙΕΡΩΝ
ΕΘΝΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΤ ΕΝΙΑΥΤΟΝ ΕΙΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΙΑΝ ΚΑΤΑΠΛΟΥ ΠΡΟΣΕΤΑΞΕΝ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΣΥΛΛΗΨΙΝ
ΤΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΝΑΥΤΕΙΑΝ ΜΗ ΠΟΙΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΤΩΝ Τ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΝ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΟΥΜΕΝΩΝ ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΙΕΡΟΙΣ
18ΟΘΟΝΙΩΝ ΑΠΕΛΥΣΕΝ
ΤΑ ΔΥΟ ΜΕΡΗ ΤΑ ΤΕ ΕΚΛΕΛΕΙΜΜΕΝΑ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΠΡΟΤΕΡΟΝ ΧΡΟΝΟΙΣ ΑΠΟΚΑΤΕΣΤΗΣΕΝ ΕΙΣ
ΤΗΝ ΚΑΘΗΚΟΥΣΑΝ ΤΑΞΙΝ ΦΡΟΝΤΙΖΩΝ ΟΠΩΣ ΤΑ ΕΙΘΙΣΜΕΝΑ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΗΤΑΙ ΤΑΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟ
19ΠΡΟΣΗΚΩΝ ΟΜΟΙΩΣ ΔΕ
ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΝ ΠΑΣΙΝ ΑΠΕΝΕΙΜΕΝ ΚΑΘΑΠΕΡ ΕΡΜΗΣ Ο ΜΕΓΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΓΑΣ ΠΡΟΣΕΤΑΞΕΝ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΚΑΤΑΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ ΕΚ ΤΕ ΤΩΝ ΜΑΧΙΜΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΛΛΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΑΛΛΟΤΡΙΑ
20ΦΡΟΝΗΣΑΝΤΩΝ
ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΤΑΡΑΧΗΝ ΚΑΙΡΟΙΣ ΚΑΤΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΜΕΝΕΙΝ ΕΠΟ ΤΩΝ ΙΔΙΩΝ ΚΤΗΣΕΩΝ ΠΡΟΕΝΟΗΘΗ
ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΟΠΩΣ ΕΞΑΠΟΣΤΑΛΩΣΙΝ ΔΥΝΑΜΕΙΣ ΙΠΠΙΚΑΙ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΖΙΚΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΝΗΕΣ ΕΠΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΠΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ
21ΕΠΙ ΤΗΝ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΟΝ
ΚΑΤΑ ΤΕ ΤΗΝ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΗΠΕΙΡΟΝ ΥΠΟΜΕΙΝΑΣ ΔΑΠΑΝΑΣ ΑΡΓΥΡΙΚΑΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΣΙΤΙΚΑΣ
ΜΕΓΑΛΑΣ ΟΠΩΣ ΤΑ Θ ΙΕΡΑ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΙ ΠΑΝΤΕΣ ΕΝ ΑΣΦΑΛΕΙΑΙ ΩΣΙΝ ΠΑΡΑΓΙΝΟΜΕ
22ΝΟΣ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΣ ΛΥΚΩΝ
ΠΟΛΙΝ ΤΗΝ ΕΝ ΤΩΙ ΒΟΥΣΙΡΙΤΗΙ Η ΗΝ ΚΑΤΕΙΛΗΜΜΕΝΗ ΚΑΙ ΩΧΥΡΩΜΕΝΗ ΠΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΙΟΡΚΙΑΝ ΟΠΛΩΝ
ΤΕ ΠΑΡΑΘΕΣΕΙ ΔΑΨΙΛΕΣΤΕΡΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΙ ΑΛΛΗΙ ΧΟΡΗΓΙΑΙ ΠΑΣΗΙ ΩΣ ΑΝ ΕΚ ΠΟΛΛΟΥ
23ΧΡΟΝΟΥ ΣΥΝΕΣΤΗΚΥΙΑΣ
ΤΗΣ ΑΛΛΟΤΡΙΟΤΗΤΟΣ ΤΟΙΣ ΕΠΙΣΥΝΑΧΘΕΙΣΙΝ ΕΙΣ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΑΣΕΒΕΣΙΝ ΟΙ ΗΣΑΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΕ ΤΑ ΙΕΡΑ
ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΝ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ ΚΑΤΟΙΚΟΥΝΤΑΣ ΠΟΛΛΑ ΚΑΚΑ ΣΥΝΤΕΤΕΛΕΣΜΕΝΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΑΝ
24ΤΙΚΑΘΙΣΑΣ ΧΩΜΑΣΙΝ
ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΑΦΡΟΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΧΕΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΟΙΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΛΑΒΕΝ ΤΟΥ ΤΕ ΝΕΙΛΟΥ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΒΑΣΙΝ
ΜΕΓΑΛΗΝ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΜΕΝΟΥ ΕΝ ΤΩΙ ΟΓΔΟΩΙ ΕΤΕΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΘΙΣΜΕΝΟΥ ΚΑΤΑΚΛΥΖΕΙΝ ΤΑ
25ΠΕΔΙΑ ΚΑΤΕΣΧΕΝ ΕΚ
ΠΟΛΛΩΝ ΤΟΠΩΝ ΟΧΥΡΩΣΑΣ ΤΑ ΣΤΟΜΑΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΠΟΤΑΜΩΝ ΧΟΡΗΓΗΣΑΣ ΕΙΣ ΑΥΤΑ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ ΠΛΗΘΟΣ
ΟΥΚ ΟΛΙΓΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΗΣΑΣ ΙΠΠΕΙΣ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΖΟΥΣ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΗΙ ΦΥΛΑΚΗΙ
26ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΟΛΙΓΩΙ ΧΡΟΝΩΙ
ΤΗΝ ΤΕ ΠΟΛΙΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΚΡΑΤΟΣ ΕΙΛΕΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΙ ΑΣΕΒΕΙΣ ΠΑΝΤΑΣ ΔΙΕΦΘΕΙΡΕΙ ΚΑΘΑΠΕ[Ρ
ΕΡΜ]Σ ΚΑΙ ΩΡΟΣ Ο ΤΗΣ ΙΣΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΣΙΡΙΟΣ ΥΙΟΣ ΕΧΕΙΡΩΣΑΝΤΟ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΑΥΤΟΙΣ
27ΤΟΠΟΙΣ ΑΠΟΣΤΑΝΤΑΣ
ΠΡΟΤΕΡΟΝ ΤΟΥΣ ΑΦΗΓΗΣΑΜΕΝΟΥΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΠΟΣΤΑΝΤΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΤΟΥ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΧΩΡΑΝ ΕΝΑ[ΝΤΙΩΣ]ΑΝΤΑΣ
ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΙΕΡΑ ΑΔΙΚΗΣΑΝΤΑΣ ΠΑΡΑΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΣ ΕΙΣ ΜΕΜΦΙΝ ΕΠΑΜΥΝΩΝ
28ΤΩΙ ΠΑΤΡΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΙ
ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΑΣ ΕΚΟΛΑΣΕΝ ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝΤΩΣ ΚΑΘ ΟΝ ΚΑΙΡΟΝ ΠΑΡΕΓΕΝΗΘΗ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΣΘΗΝΑ[Ι
ΚΑΙ Τ]Α ΠΡΟΣΗΚΟΝΤΑ ΝΟΜΙΜΑ ΤΗΙ ΠΑΡΑΛΗΨΕΙ ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΑΦΗΚΕΝ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΕΝ
29ΤΟΙΣ ΙΕΡΟΙΣ ΟΦΕΙΛΟΜΕΝΑ
ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΝ ΕΩΣ ΤΟΥ ΟΓΔΟΟΥ ΕΤΟΥΣ ΟΝΤΑ ΕΙΣ ΣΙΤΟΥ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΑΡΓΥΡΙΟΥ ΠΛΗΘΟΣ ΟΥΚ
ΟΛΙΓΟΝ ΩΣΑΥΤ[ΩΣ ΔΕ] ΚΑΙ ΤΑΣ ΤΙΜΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΗ ΣΥΝΤΕΤΕΛΕΣΜΕΝΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΝ ΒΥΣΣΙΝΩΝ
ΣΘ[…]
30ΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΣΥΝΤΕΤΕΛΕΣΜΕΝΩΝ
ΤΑ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΝ ΔΕΙΓΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΝ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΑ ΕΩΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΧΡΟΝΩΝ ΑΠΕΛΥΣΕΝ ΔΕ ΤΑ ΙΕΡΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ
Λ[ΟΓΙΖΟ]ΜΕΝΗΣ ΑΡΤΑΒΗΣ ΤΗΙ ΑΡΟΥΡΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΓΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΜΠΕΛΙΤΙΔΟΣ ΟΜΟΙ[ΩΣ]
31ΤΟ ΚΕΡΑΜΙΟΝ ΤΗΙ ΑΡΟΥΡΑΙ
ΤΩΙ ΤΕ ΑΠΕΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΙ ΜΝΕΥΕΙ ΠΟΛΛΑ ΕΔΩΡΗΣΑΤΟ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΙΣ ΑΛΛΟΙΣ ΙΕΡΟΙΣ ΖΩΙΟΙΣ ΤΟΙΣ ΕΝ
ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ ΠΟΛΥ ΚΡΕΙΣΣΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΟ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ ΦΡΟΝΤΙΖΩΝ ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΗΚΟΝ[ΤΩΝ]
32ΑΥΤΑ ΔΙΑ ΠΑΝΤΟΣ ΤΑ
Τ ΕΙΣ ΤΑΣ ΤΑΦΑΣ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝΤΑ ΔΙΔΟΥΣ ΔΑΨΙΛΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΝΔΟΞΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΤΕΛΙΣΚΟΜΕΝΑ ΕΙΣ
ΤΑ ΙΔΙΑ ΙΕΡΑ ΜΕΤΑ ΘΥΣΙΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΝΗΓΥΡΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΛΛΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΝΟΜΙ[ΖΟΜΕΝΑ]
33ΤΑ ΤΕ ΤΙΜΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΙΕΡΩΝ
ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΟΥ ΔΙΑΤΕΤΗΡΗΚΕΝ ΕΠΙ ΧΩΡΑΣ ΑΠΟΚΟΛΟΥΘΟΣ ΤΟΙΣ ΝΟΜΟΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΑΠΙΕΙΟΝ ΕΡΓΟΙΣ
ΠΟΛΥΤΕΛΕΣΙΝ ΚΑΤΕΣΚΕΘΑΣΕΝ ΧΟΡΗΓΗΣΑΣ ΕΙΣ ΑΥΤΟ ΧΡΥΣΙΟΥ ΤΕ Κ[ΑΙ ΑΡΓΥΡΙ]
34ΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΛΙΘΩΝ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΛΩΝ
ΠΛΗΘΟΣ ΟΥΚ ΟΛΙΓΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΙΕΡΑ ΚΑΙ ΝΑΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΒΩΜΟΥΣ ΙΔΡΥΣΑΤΟ ΤΑ ΤΕ ΠΡΟΣΔΕΟΜΕΝΑ ΕΠΙΣΚΕΥΗΣ
ΠΡΟΣΔΙΩΡΘΩΣΑΤΟ ΕΧΩΝ ΘΕΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΙΚΟΥ ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΑΝΗΚΟ[ΥΣΙ ΕΧΩΝ]
35ΘΕΙΟΝ ΔΙΑΝΟΙΑΝ ΠΡΟΣΠΥΝΘΑΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ
ΤΑ ΤΕ ΤΩΝ ΙΕΡΩΝ ΤΙΜΙΩΤΑΤΑ ΑΝΑΝΕΟΥΤΟ ΕΠΙ ΤΗΣ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΩΣ ΚΑΘΗΚΕΙ ΑΝΘ ΩΝ ΔΕΔΩΚΑΣΙΝ
ΑΥΤΩΙ ΟΙ ΘΕΟΙ ΥΓΙΕΙΑΝ ΝΙΚΗΝ ΚΡΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΑΛΛ ΑΓΑΘ[Α …]
36ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΔΙΑΜΕΝΟΥΣΗΣ
ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΙΣ ΤΕΚΝΟΙΣ ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΠΑΝΤΑ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ ΑΓΑΘΗΙ ΤΥΧΗΙ ΕΔΟΞΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΙΕΡΕΥΣΙ ΤΩΝ
ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΧΩΡΑΝ ΙΕΡΩΝ ΠΑΝΤΩΝ ΤΑ ΥΠΑΡΧΟΝΤΑ Τ[…]
37ΤΩΙ ΑΙΩΝΟΒΙΩΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙ
ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΩΙ ΗΓΑΠΗΜΕΝΩΙ ΥΠΟ ΤΟΥ ΦΘΑ ΘΕΩΙ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΙ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩΙ ΟΜΟΙΩΣ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΤΩΝ
ΓΟΝΕΩΝ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΘΕΩΝ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΓΟΝΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ ΕΥΕΡΓ[ΕΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ]
38ΤΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ ΑΔΕΛΦΩΝ
ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ ΣΩΤΗΡΩΝ ΕΠΑΥΞΗΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΩΣ ΣΤΗΣΑΙ ΔΕ ΤΟΥ ΑΙΩΝΟΒΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΤΟ[ΛΕ]ΜΑΙΟΥ
ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΟΥ ΕΙΚΟΝΑ ΕΝ ΕΚΑΣΤΩΙ ΙΕΡΩΙ ΕΝ ΤΩΙ ΕΠΙΦΑ[ΝΕΙΩΙ …]
39Η ΠΡΟΣΟΝΟΜΑΣΘΗΣΕΤΑΙ
ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΕΠΑΜΥΝΑΝΤΟΣ ΤΗΙ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ ΗΙ ΠΑΡΕΣΤΗΣΕΤΑΙ Ο ΚΥΡΙΩΤΑΤΟΣ ΘΕΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΙΕΡΟΥ
ΔΙΔΟΥΣ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΟΠΛΟΝ ΝΙΚΗΤΙΚΟΝ Α ΕΣΤΑΙ ΚΑΤΕΣΚΕΥΑΣΜΕΝ[ΟΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟΝ]
40ΤΡΟΠΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΙΕΡΕΙΣ
ΘΕΡΑΠΕΥΕΙΝ ΤΑΣ ΕΙΚΟΝΑΣ ΤΡΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΗΜΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΡΑΤΙΘΕΝΑΙ ΑΥΤΑΙΣ ΙΕΡΟΝ ΚΟΣΜΟΝ ΚΑΙ Τ
ΑΛΛΑ ΤΑ ΝΟΜΙΖΟΜΕΝΑ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΙΝ ΚΑΘ Α ΚΑΙ ΤΟΙΣ ΑΛΛΟΙΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΕΝ [ΤΩΙ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΑΙΣ
ΠΑ]
41ΝΗΓΥΡΕΣΙΝ ΙΔΡΥΣΑΣΘΑΙ
ΔΕ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΩΙ ΘΕΩΙ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΙ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩΙ ΤΩΙ ΕΚ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ
ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗΣ ΘΕΩΝ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΩΝ ΞΟΑΝΟΝ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΝΑΟΝ ΧΡ[ΗΣΘΑΙ ΠΑΝΤΩΝ ΤΩΝ]
42ΙΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΘΙΔΡΥΣΑΙ
ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΑΔΥΝΑΤΟΙΣ ΜΕΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΑΛΛΩΝ ΝΑΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΝ ΤΑΙΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΑΙΣ ΠΑΝΗΓΥΡΕΣΙΝ ΕΝ ΑΙΣ ΕΞΟΔΕΙΑΙ
ΤΩΝ ΝΑΩΝ ΓΙΝΟΝΤΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΝ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΕΥ[ΧΑΡΙΣΤΟΥ …]
43ΧΟΔΕΥΕΙΝ ΟΠΩΣ Δ ΕΥΣΗΜΟΣ
ΗΙ ΝΥΝ ΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΙΤΑ ΧΡΟΝΟΝ ΕΠΙΚΕΙΣΘΑΙ ΤΩΙ ΝΑΩΙ ΤΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΧΡΥΣΑΣ
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΔΕΚΑ ΑΙΣ ΠΡΟΣΚΕΙΣΕΤΑΙ ΑΣΠΙΣ […]
44ΤΩΝ ΑΣΠΙΔΟΕΙΡΔΩΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΤΩΝ
ΑΛΛΩΝ ΝΑΩΝ ΕΣΤΑΙ Δ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΤΩΙ ΜΕΣΩΙ Η ΚΑΛΟΥΜΕΝΗ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ Ψ ΧΕΝΤ ΗΝ ΠΕΡΙΘΕΜΕΝΟΣ
ΕΙΣΗΛΘΕΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΕΝ ΜΕΜΦ[ΕΙ ΙΕΡΟΝ]
45ΤΕΛΕΣΘΗΙ ΤΑ ΝΟΜΙΖΟΜΕΝΑ
ΤΗΙ ΠΑΡΑΛΗΨΕΙ ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΕΠΙΘΕΙΝΑΙ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΑΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ ΤΕΤΡΑΓΩΝΟΥ
ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟ ΠΡΟΕΙΡΗΜΕΝΩΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΝ ΦΥΛΑΚΤΗΡΙΑ ΧΡ[…]
46ΤΙ ΕΣΤΙΝ ΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ
ΤΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΙ ΠΕΙΗΣΑΝΤΟΣ ΤΗΝ ΤΕ ΑΝΩ ΧΩΡΑΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΤΡΙΑΚΑΔΑ ΤΟΥΤΟΥ ΜΕΣΟΡΗΙ ΕΝ ΗΙ ΤΑ
ΓΕΝΕΘΛΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΕΤΑΙ ΟΜΟΙΩΣ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ []
47ΕΝ ΗΙ ΠΑΡΕΛΑΒΕΝ ΤΗΝ
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΝ ΠΑΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΕΠΩΜΥΝΟΥΣ ΝΕΝΟΜΙΚΑΣΙΝ ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΙΕΡΟΙΣ ΑΙ ΔΗ ΠΟΛΛΩΝ ΑΓΑΘΩΝ
ΑΡΧΗΓΟΙ ΠΑΣΙΝ ΕΙΣΙΝ ΑΓΕΙΝ ΤΑΣ ΗΜΕΡΑΣ ΤΑΥΤΑΣ ΕΟΡΤ[ΗΝ ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΑΙ]
48ΓΥΠΤΟΝ ΙΕΡΟΙΣ ΚΑΤΑ
ΜΗΝΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΙΝ ΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΙΣ ΘΥΣΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΠΟΝΔΑΣ ΚΑΙ Τ ΑΛΛΑ ΤΑ ΝΟΜΙΖΟΜΕΝΑ ΚΑΘ Α ΚΑΙ
ΕΝ ΤΑΙΣ ΑΛΛΑΙΣ ΠΑΝΗΓΥΡΕΣΙΝ ΤΑΣ ΤΕ ΓΙΝΟΜΕΝΑΣ ΠΡΟΘ[ΗΝΑΙ …]
49ΡΕΧΟΥΜΕΝΟΙΣ ΕΝ ΤΟΙΣ
ΙΕΡΟΙΣ ΑΓΕΙΝ ΔΕ ΕΟΡΤΗΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΝΗΓΥΡΙΝ ΤΩΙ ΑΙΩΝΟΒΙΩΙ ΚΑΙ ΗΓΑΠΗΜΕΝΩΙ ΥΠΟ ΤΟΥ ΦΘΑ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙ
ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΩΙ ΘΕΩΙ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΙ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩΙ ΚΑΤ ΕΝΙ[ΑΥΤΟΝ …]
50ΧΩΡΑΝ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΣ ΝΟΥΜΗΝΙΑΣ
ΤΟΥ ΘΩΥΘ ΕΦ ΗΜΕΡΑΣ ΠΕΝΤΕ ΕΝ ΑΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΕΦΑΝΗΦΟΡΗΣΟΥΣΙΝ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΟΥΝΤΕΣ ΘΥΣΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΠΟΝΔΑΣ
ΚΑΙ Τ ΑΛΛΑ ΤΑ ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝΤΑ ΠΡΟΣΑΓΟΡΕ[…]
51ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΟΥ ΙΕΡΕΙΣ ΠΡΟΣ
ΤΟΙΣ ΑΛΛΟΙΣ ΟΝΟΜΑΣΙΝ ΤΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ ΩΝ ΙΕΡΑΤΕΥΟΥΣΙ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΑΧΩΡΙΣΑΙ ΕΙΣ ΠΑΝΤΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΧΡΗΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΥΣ
ΚΑΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ Δ[…]
52ΙΕΡΑΤΕΙΑΝ ΑΟΥΤΟΥ ΕΞΕΙΝΑΙ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΙΣ ΑΛΛΟΙΣ ΙΔΙΩΤΑΙΣ ΑΓΕΙΝ ΤΗΝ
ΕΟΡΤΗΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΝ ΠΡΟΕΙΡΗΜΕΝΟΝ ΝΑΟΝ ΙΔΡΥΕΣΘΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΧΕΙΝ ΠΑΡ ΑΥΤΟΙΣ ΣΥΝΤΕΛΟΥ[ΜΕΝΟΙΣ
…]
53[…]ΙΣ ΚΑΤ ΕΝΙΑΥΤΟΝ
ΟΠΩΣ ΓΝΩΡΙΜΟΝ ΗΙ ΔΙΟΤΙ ΟΙ ΕΝ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ ΕΥΞΟΥΣΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΜΩΣΙ ΤΟΝ ΘΕΟΝ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΗ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΟΝ
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΑ ΚΑΘΑΠΕΡ ΝΟΜΙΜΟΝ ΕΣΤΙΝ […]
54[…]ΤΕΡΟΥ ΛΙΘΟΥ ΤΟΙΣ ΤΕ ΙΕΡΟΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΓΧΩΡΙΟΙΣ ΚΑΙ
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΙΣ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΣΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΣΑΙ ΕΝ ΕΚΑΣΤΩΙ ΤΩΝ ΤΕ ΠΡΩΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΩ[Ν ΤΑΞΕΩΝ ΙΕΡΩΙ
…]
Now Champollion knew that
it was in fact a decree written in basalt stone, fragmented, which had been
placed in the main temples of Egypt with 54 remaining lines written in (C) -
Greek, 32 in other lines – (B) Demotic (New Egyptian) and 14 others lines in
(A) - The Hieroglyph (old
Egyptian).
The first step now is
to decide whether the text should be read from left to right and / or vice
versa, perhaps it was only at this point that Champollion made use of the
mystical school, believing that living things were looking at the beginning of
the sentence.
He was right, and then
from there he used pure logic to continue his work. He began by superimposing
the names that appear within cartouches (used to indicate the names of kings
and queens), and he found by association the letters that formed the names of
Ptolemy.
Compared it with the
identified name Cleopatra he found a simple alphabet.
Once deciphered the
alphabet and the numbers, Champollion found other groups of bi-and
tri-consonantal characters.
We can understand how
these groups works adapting them to the English language as follows:
If you want to write
Twig (as twig tree) we draw the twig.
If you want to write
the name Twiggy (actress, and singer in the early 1960s) exclude the vowels,
use the design of the "twig" and add an ideogram of a name (personal).
If you want to write
tugboat use the same symbol, but this time we should add a maritime symbol (an
oar).
That’s how they use to
do it.
Now all that Champlion
had to do was find the ancient Egyptian words that had survived unchanged in
Coptic language and/or in Hebrew.
Let’s see how He
translated line 10:
Translation of the
line of section 10 of hieroglyphs
AK-... a basket of
papyrus in the left corner of the temple left to the two ladies and Nekhbet
Wadjit that illuminate the Two Lands, the upper and lower Egypt. Since the
fourth month of the flood Shemu last day of the birth of God's gracious and
blessed with eternal life is established the celebration in the land of Horus
Her taui the same way it was carried past. In the second month of the 17th
Akhet we celebrate the coronation when he took over the reign of his father.
Behold now the beginning of the list of offerings ...
Thanks to Champollion
and his great dedication to these symbols, icons and index we are now able to
read ancient texts, learn more about our historical roots, and better
understand our ancestors to live with fulfillment in the present day.
